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File: The Werewolf I

File:

The Werewolf, origin and representation of a social fantasy

Illustration by Jean-Mathias Xavier after Louis on the novel by Jean-Luc Galoup Marcatel, published by New Angle

I. The symbolism of the wolf

Emblematic of the violence and evil, the werewolf is present in almost all civilizations since ancient times. Derived from fear of the wolf, he surrounded himself at different times of magic, see Devil's curse. In the Middle Ages all possible malformations or abnormal behavior, immoral excuses were good enough to be accused of witchcraft, and sometimes being a werewolf. One example is the son of priests or nuns who were mostly suspected of being, being born into the forbidden. If scientists try to find rational explanations, the Germanic peoples believe that the soul can leave the body and take the form of an animal. It should also specify that the transformation of man into an animal is not confined only to the wolf but can also adapt to other animals such as bears with Scandinavian berserkers and men tigers in India. These stories of men thus adapts animals according to local wildlife. The presence of the werewolf is present on all continents and forms a very popular myth today, returning from elsewhere in vogue.

a. The animal through the popular consciousness
Once the word was pronounced wolf in the Middle Ages, the terror was visible on the faces. A true beast of the devil, and associated with danger to the kingdom of the dead, the wolf knows a bad reputation mainly since antiquity. Regarded as the type of wild beast devouring and insatiable hunger, it also said "having a hungry wolf, his teeth are instruments of violence and its mouth is dark menacing. In Norse mythology, a son of Fenrir eats the sun at the time of Ragnarok, giving way to total darkness. Fenrir is a wolf representing the infernal energies and evil that is supposed to devour the chief god, Odin. Similarly, the wolf is the animal of Mars, Roman god of war, as in Egypt where the god of war and god of the dead Ophoïs has a wolf's head.
This animal evokes the savage instincts, untamed nature. But the unbridled energy that is lost to man's mastery. In Italy, for example, lupa is a prostitute. If

is seen as fierce and deadly, like the wolf is also associated with courage and endurance. Formerly, a tooth of wolf hung around the necks of horses so that they are indefatigable. The feminine side of the wolf, the wolf is instead perceived as good, protective and nurturing. It is a wolf who raised Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, but Mowgli, the wild child of the book by Rudyard Kipling. The wolf is also a place more interesting and sometimes very important in fairy tales.

b. The big bad wolf, terror tales
Character very present in the tales, the wolf is the representation of the struggle of man against his primary instincts, desires, is the temptation incarnate. The animal confronts the person itself, facing its impulses that can be described as devouring, ie sexual desires and anger, envy, or cruelty.
In the tale of Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault, the little girl, after talking to the wolf can not keep from picking strawberries to watch animals in the forest while the wolf he eats the great- mother. Instead of walking directly to the village, Little Red Riding Hood gives in to temptation and idleness offered by the forest. It is a fine example of the association of the wolf to the dangerous seduction. It is also said in the story the wolf takes each time a honeyed voice and nice to somehow seduce the girl.

But as he is the werewolf?

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File: The Werewolf II

II. What is a werewolf?

a. Its appearance and development
As he stated in the introduction, it appears from the ancient myths as with that of King Lycaon. Bloodthirsty, the king receives Zeus disguise as a human and who, after being received into the king's house, said to be the king of gods. Wanting to test this assertion serves food Lycaon god in human flesh. Enraged, Zeus transforms the outcast of humanity in transforming into a wolf, just as bloodthirsty animal that is decimating the herds. But the curse does not stop there. Lycaon is also ordered to keep the memory of his human condition. From ancient times the symbol of metamorphosis appears as a representation of exile in relation to men while maintaining a link with them. A person who is transformed into the margins of society. Far from focusing on the shores of the Mediterranean, the myth of the werewolf also finds its place in Iceland where a text of the XIII century tells the story of a werebear . Similarly in the fifth century in China becomes an official tiger. In the Middle Ages, the fear is only obliged to increase the morbid belief in witchcraft and the devil. The werewolf is then someone who had a curse or must expiate his sins. Moreover, it is often said that the curse lasted seven years (the number 7 has great symbolic value in most cultures and religions, it is often the perfect ) or that werewolves are "every night and go seven parishes a tour of seven towers.

We can see that the belief in these transformations into a wolf or other predator that inspires fear goes back very far, and if today the werewolf is a chimera, it was taken seriously at least until 1574 when a court ruling sentencing a man to be devoured as children Werewolf . Despite the geographic distance that may be, the attributes of lycanthrope remain quite the same.

Luis Royo

b. Attributes werewolf
Under his human form, the werewolf was supposed to have eyebrows that meet, palms of hands with hairy short thumbs and ears further back than normal. All pretenses of abnormality were good to take. Similarly some births are more likely to give a werewolf. The seventh child in a family for example would be a (return the number seven), children born of marriages forbidden, priests for example would turn every seven years or those born "capped" with the placenta head. When he does not run the forests, the werewolf would have hidden his fur between the skin and flesh, he would simply turn his skin to become a wolf.

The transformation itself is multiple beliefs. Sometimes he would roll in the sand or mud, or even jump over a tree trunk several times intoning an incantation. Several texts also mention a glove or a wolf skin belt with which to strike in order to metamorphose. A legend is more common to wear a wolf skin. While the person is in his animal form, many beliefs said that if the werewolf can not find his clothes when he returned to resume human form, he is condemned to remain a wolf.

Killed a werewolf is not easy, the silver bullet blessed is the most widespread and that seems safer. In the nineteenth century Picardy and in Gascony for example, it is enough to bleed the werewolf that the person be released from his curse.

The legend of the transformation to the full moon only occurs very rarely in ancient texts, often become werewolves at will or all seven days of the Sabbath following the curses received.

c. Its image in the collective mind
As for physical descriptions, the image of the werewolf in the collective psyche is in the same direction.
The werewolf has a reputation very similar to the wolf, plus a more human dimension. Associated with violence, brutality, the werewolf pulls down the barriers of human morality and yields to all the basic instincts that man has turned away. If the Middle Ages, the werewolf is seen as a creature of the devil, his image has evolved over time particularly. While we believed the real existence of these beings fear was complete, since the werewolf is passed to the rank of legendary creature, its perception by humans is different. From a psychological point of view with Freud's terms, the werewolf would be the representation of the domination of this on me whereas in humans it is called normal me overlooking the it. So there is a domination of the instinctive field (the id), with the werewolf as we have already seen, the social and moral censures are exceeded. The phenomenon of transformation can also be seen as a duplication of self.

In today's society, the vision of the werewolf is much more fantastical and less tinged with fear before. If the idea of carnivorous predator is still present, as well as violence, the idea of virility and fantasy outperforms. The werewolf is also predominantly male and have been introduced. There are certainly women werewolf but are much less present, moreover, the werewolf has its female counterpart is the nightmare.

In novels such as the current series Anita Blake from Laurell K. Hamilton, werewolves are haloed by brute force, the laws of the "pack" does not fit to human laws. In this type of novel, the werewolf is often associated with sexual desire and the play of domination. The reader finds all that the man usually censorship. The werewolf would be a sort of way to externalize the frustrations related to prohibitions imposed by society.

This theory is not only for our modern society but at the onset of the werewolf. The psychological challenge is very present in our time, but then that belief in the werewolf was real, it was conducted studies to explain this metamorphosis.

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File: The Werewolf III

III. Other approaches werewolf

Many explanations were advanced underpins attempted to unravel the mystery of the werewolf. Witchcraft and Devil's intervention were the most widespread in the Middle Ages had the great belief in religion and therefore parallel to the forces of evil. Scholars have also examined the issue and early thirteenth century, Gervais of Tilbury proposes that the act had to some shock and lunation. The atavism, or inheritance, an explanation would also widespread.

a. Rational and scientific explanation
With advances in medicine, a disease could define these people turn into wolves, or at least into something similar. Recognized in 1682 by an edict of Louis XIV, lycanthropy, a person would be the victim of delusions that do believe it is transformed into a wolf or other wild animal. The person behaves like a wild beast, attacking humans and animals to feed upon them. Cases of feral children have also been listed. In the early seventeenth century, Jean Grenier a boy of thirteen years is accused of being a werewolf. Suffering from a mental disability, he lives in the forest as a wolf and have a facies approaching canids. He attacked dozens of people, and claimed to have eaten several children. Held, it is sent to a monastery had his young age. There he always behaves instinctively and despite some improvement will always keep track of its state of werewolf.

b. The figure of the werewolf in the arts
Being mystery, the werewolf raises many questions and the arts would take possession quickly.
A figure so popular could not pass to score the film or literature. The first film to be made on the werewolf is The werewolf Henry McRae in 1913. It follows a long series, whose most famous are among other Howling Joe Dante (1980) and American Werewolf in London by John Landis (1981) or The Company of Wolves by Neil Jordan (1984 ). Wolfman will be released in February 2010, a film by Joe Johnston, which shows that the craze for the werewolves is always present.
On screen, the moment the most anticipated is the processing step that fascinates and disgusts at a time. For American Werewolf in London is the main stage, we all see and that takes time, moreover, while in Howling , big plans are made and does not reveal everything. This mystery of metamorphosis haunts and adapts according to personal tastes. This applies even in contemporary literature where a sub-genre was born, the bit-bed which features supernatural creatures, mainly vampire and werewolf. In these novels that take their quick takeoffs, the werewolf is, as we have seen the target of fantasy, the struggle for power by brutality. In the novels by Laurell K. Hamilton or Patricia Briggs werewolves are mostly men who exude virility and fueling physical attraction. If the werewolves in movies by awakening the curiosity and fascination with the transformation nearly complete loss of humanity in contemporary literature that has to be a much more human and more symbolizes the struggle of man over beast. For example in the books by Patricia Briggs, one of the main characters, Adam Hauptman, the werewolf Alpha's mission is to help young recruits werewolves so they do not bloodshed. In these novels, werewolves are integrated in social life and sometimes the prey. They become characters closer to us instead to remain distant monsters.

American Werewolf in London

Bibliography

Kelley Armstrong, Bitten , Paris, Bragelonne, 2007, ISBN 978-2-35294-084-5
Brasey Edward Encyclopedia of Wonderful, The peoples of the shadow ... Le Pre aux Clercs, 2006. p.92, ISBN 2-84228-281-7
Patricia Briggs, Calling the Moon, Mercy Thompson , Paris, Bragelonne, 2008, coll. Milady ISBN 978-2-8112-0041-1
Jean Knight, Dictionaries of symbols, Myths, dreams, habits, gestures, shapes, figures, colors, numbers , Paris, Mouthpieces, 1982, ISBN 978-2-221-08716-9
Laurell K. Hamilton , Blue Moon, Paris, Black River , 2005, ISBN 2-265-07944-8
Khimaira , Number 16. Paris, 2008, ISSN 1374-2167
Lecouteux Claude She ran the werewolf, lycanthropy, male-bear, tiger-men, an anthology , Paris, José Corti, 2008, ISBN 978-2-7143-0972 - 3
Corinne Morel, Dictionary of symbols, myths and beliefs, Archipelago, 2004
Moriamé Benjamin The weight of the tales and legends psychoanalysis of fairy tales [online], , [accessed December 29, 2009]
Myring L. Vampires and demons , Paris, Hachette, 1980, coll. Guide to the Curious, p.30, ISBN 2-01-007063-1
Ovid, Metamorphoses Folio classic, 2009, ISBN 978-2-07-038564-5
Charles Perrault , Little Red Riding Hood , Paris, impr. Bouquet, 1909 [online] , Gallica, [accessed December 29, 2009]
Alain Rey (under his direction), Cultural Dictionary in French. Paris, Le Robert, 2005
Rigaud Benoist Arrest memorable of the Court of Parliament Doel, given against Gilles Garnier, lyonnois for having shaped werewolf devoured several children, Meaning, Publisher: P. Des-Hayes, 1574
Tibaud Robert-Jacques, Dictionary of Mythology and Symbolism Celtic Paris, Dervy, 1995

Filmography

Joe Dante, The Howling , 1980
Landis John American Werewolf in London , 1981
Neil Jordan, The Company of Wolves, 1984

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